Whole body manipulation on a legged robot using dynamic balance

ABSTRACT

A robot system includes: an upper body section including one or more end-effectors; a lower body section including one or more legs; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper and lower body sections. An upper body control system operates at least one of the end-effectors. The intermediate body section experiences a first intermediate body linear force and/or moment based on an end-effector force acting on the at least one end-effector. A lower body control system operates the one or more legs. The one or more legs experience respective surface reaction forces. The intermediate body section experiences a second intermediate body linear force and/or moment based on the surface reaction forces. The lower body control system operates the one or more legs so that the second intermediate body linear force balances the first intermediate linear force and the second intermediate body moment balances the first intermediate body moment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This U.S. patent application is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/377,559, filed on Dec. 13, 2016. The disclosure of this prior application is considered part of the disclosure of this application and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

A robot may include a plurality of legs that are operable to balance the robot on a ground surface or to move the robot along the ground surface. The robot may also include one or more end-effectors that allow the robot to manipulate objects or support loads.

SUMMARY

According to example implementations, a robot can operate its legs to dynamically balance itself on a surface while operating its end-effectors. When the legs contact a surface (e.g., ground surface), the legs apply forces to the surface and experience reaction forces from the surface. The robot can dynamically control the legs so that the reaction forces allow the robot to maintain a balance that supports the operation of the end-effectors. The dynamic balancing provided by the legs during operation of the end-effectors constitutes a whole body manipulation that more closely resembles actual motion by actual humans.

According to an example implementation, a robot system includes a body. The body includes: an upper body section including one or more movable end-effectors; a lower body section including one or more legs configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section.

The robot system also includes a control system implemented with one or more processors. The control system includes an upper body control system configured to operate at least one of the end-effectors. The at least one end-effector experiences an end-effector force based on the operation by the upper body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a first intermediate body linear force or a first intermediate body moment based on the end-effector force. The control system includes a lower body control system configured to operate the one or more legs in response to the operation of the at least one end-effector. The one or more legs experiences respective reaction forces from the surface based on the operation by the lower body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a second intermediate body linear force or a second intermediate body moment based on the reaction forces. The lower body control system operates the one or more legs so that the second intermediate body linear force balances the first intermediate linear force and the second intermediate body moment balances the first intermediate body moment.

According to another example implementation, a robot system includes a body. The body includes: an upper body section including one or more movable end-effectors; a lower body section including one or more legs configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section. The robot system includes a control system implemented with one or more processors. The control system includes a lower body control system and an upper control system. A method for controlling a robot system includes operating, with the upper body control system, at least one of the end-effectors. The at least one end-effector experiences an end-effector force based on the operation by the upper body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a first intermediate body linear force or a first intermediate body moment based on the end-effector force. The method includes operating, with the lower body control system, the one or more legs in response to the operation of the at least one end-effector. The one or more legs experiences respective reaction forces from the surface based on the operation by the lower body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a second intermediate body linear force or a second intermediate body moment based on the reaction forces.

According to yet another example implementation, a robot system includes a body. The body includes: an upper body section including one or more movable end-effectors; a lower body section including one or more legs configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section. The robot system includes a control system implemented with one or more processors. The control system includes an upper body control system configured to operate at least one of the end-effectors. The at least one end-effector experiences an end-effector force based on the operation by the upper body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a first intermediate body linear force or an first intermediate body moment based on the at least one end-effector force. The control system includes a lower body control system configured to operate the one or more legs based on the first intermediate body linear force or the first intermediate body moment. The one or more legs experiences respective reaction forces from the surface based on the operation by the lower body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a second intermediate body linear force or a second intermediate body moment based on the reaction forces. The lower body control system operates the one or more legs so that the second intermediate body linear force balances the first intermediate linear force and the second intermediate body moment balances the first intermediate body moment. The upper body control system processes the lower body section as a virtual link coupled to the intermediate body section. The lower body control system is further configured to position the intermediate body section according to a first set of degrees of freedom based on the operation of the one or more legs. The upper body control system is further configured to position the intermediate body section according to a second set of degrees of freedom based on the operation of the at least one end-effector The upper body control system is constrained from positioning the intermediate body section according to the first set of degrees of freedom.

According to a further example implementation, a robot system includes a body. The body includes: an upper body section; a lower body section including one or more legs configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section. The robot system includes a control system implemented with one or more processors. The control system includes an upper body control system configured to operate the upper body section. The upper body section experiences an upper body force in response to the operation by the upper body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a first intermediate body linear force or a first intermediate body moment based on the upper body force. The control system includes a lower body control system configured to operate the one or more legs. The one or more legs experiences respective reaction forces from the surface based on the operation by the lower body control system. The intermediate body section experiences at least one of a second intermediate body linear force or a second intermediate body moment based on the reaction forces. The lower body control system operates the one or more legs so that the second intermediate body linear force balances the first intermediate linear force and the second intermediate body moment balances the first intermediate body moment.

These as well as other aspects, advantages, and alternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reading the following detailed description with reference where appropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, it should be understood that the description provided in this summary section and elsewhere in this document is intended to illustrate the claimed subject matter by way of example and not by way of limitation.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a configuration of a robotic system according to an example implementation.

FIG. 2 illustrates a quadruped robot according to an example implementation.

FIG. 3 illustrates a biped robot according to an example implementation.

FIG. 4A illustrates a biped robot where dynamic balance is employed for whole body manipulation according to an example implementation.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example of dynamic balancing by the biped robot of FIG. 4A according to an example implementation.

FIG. 4C illustrates another example of dynamic balancing by the biped robot of FIG. 4A while the robot operates an end-effector according to an example implementation.

FIG. 4D illustrates an exploded view of the biped robot of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 illustrates a configuration of a robotic system where dynamic balance is employed for whole body manipulation according to an example implementation.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method for operating a robot where dynamic balance is employed for whole body manipulation according to an example implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description describes various features and functions of the disclosed systems and methods with reference to the accompanying figures. The illustrative system and method embodiments described herein are not meant to be limiting. It will be readily understood that certain aspects of the disclosed systems and methods can be arranged and combined in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are contemplated herein.

I. OVERVIEW

A robot may include a plurality of legs that are operable to balance the robot on a ground surface or to move the robot along the ground surface. The robot may also include one or more end-effectors that allow the robot to manipulate objects or support loads. According to one approach, the robot must first operate its legs to maintain position control and establish static balance before it can position the end-effectors to perform a task. For instance, the robot may initially operate the legs to form a static support polygon over which the center of mass of the robot is maintained during the positioning and operation of the end-effectors. According to this approach, the legs and the end-effectors are not simultaneously manipulated to act as a whole body.

According to example implementations disclosed herein, however, a robot can operate its legs to dynamically balance itself on a surface while it operates end-effectors. When the legs contact a surface (e.g., ground surface), the legs apply forces to the surface and experience reaction forces from the surface. The robot can dynamically control the legs so that the reaction forces allow the robot to maintain a balance that supports the operation of the end-effectors. The dynamic balancing provided by the legs during operation of the end-effectors constitutes a whole body manipulation that may more closely resemble actual motion by actual humans.

The legs can dynamically balance the robot even while the robot is moving according to a gait. For instance, the robot can walk or run along a ground surface, and due to dynamic balancing, the robot can simultaneously position the end-effector to grab an object without interrupting the gait.

In example implementations, the robot includes a lower body section, an upper body section, and an intermediate body section. For a bipedal robot, the intermediate section may act as, or resemble, a pelvis. The lower body section includes the legs and the upper body section includes the end-effectors. In some cases, the end-effectors may be disposed on the ends of arms that can extend outwardly from the robot to position the end-effectors. The lower body section is coupled to the intermediate section from below, and the upper body section is coupled to the intermediate section from above.

The robot includes a lower body control system and an upper body control system. The lower body control system controls the legs, and the upper body control system controls the end-effectors. The lower body control system and the upper body control system coordinate to achieve whole body manipulation and balance for the robot. In particular, the lower body control system controls the legs so that the reaction forces from the surface provide a dynamic balance that allows the upper body control system to perform tasks with the end-effectors.

During its analysis, the upper body control system represents and processes the lower body section as a virtual link coupled to the intermediate body section. To position and operate the end-effectors, the upper body control system employs an inverse kinematics solver that accounts for the virtual link as well as the position and orientation of the intermediate body section. Inverse kinematics refers to the use of the kinematics equations of the robot to determine the parameters for components (e.g., joints) to allow an end-effector to reach a target position and perform a task. A motion plan specifies the movement of the robot so that the end-effector can reach a target position and perform a task. For instance, the inverse kinematics solver may use the velocity of the virtual link to determine a motion plan for the upper body section that achieves desired end-effector velocities in a static world frame. Inverse kinematics transforms the motion plan into actuator trajectories for components (e.g., joints) of the robot.

To position the end-effectors, the upper body control system may reposition/reorient the intermediate body section. In general, the intermediate body section can be positioned and oriented according to any one or more of six degrees of freedom. To achieve dynamic balance, however, the lower body control system may need to reposition/reorient the intermediate body section according to one or more of these six degrees of freedom. As such, to maintain the dynamic balance, the upper body control system may be constrained from repositioning/reorienting the intermediate body section according to the degrees of freedom needed by the lower body control system to achieve the dynamic balance. In other words, the inverse kinematics solver for the upper body control system treats these particular degrees of freedom as constraints. These constraints free the lower body control system to balance dynamically.

The loads supported by the end-effectors generate a resulting linear force and/or moment on the intermediate body section. The upper body control system can determine the resulting linear force and moment and communicate this information to the lower body control system. In response, the lower body control system can operate the legs so that the reaction forces can balance the linear force and/or moment at the intermediate body section. In general, a first force/moment is balanced by a second force/moment, when the second force/moment directionally opposes the first force/moment with at least substantially the same magnitude.

Such balancing can also be employed when other loads are additionally or alternatively experienced by the upper body section. For instance, upper body section may experience dynamic forces, such as forces required to accelerate an arm, an end-effector, or a payload, during high-speed motions. Such dynamic forces also generate a resulting linear force and/or moment on the intermediate body section, which the lower body control can also balance with the reaction forces.

Additionally, when the upper body control system wants to extend the end-effectors to a target position, the lower body control system can determine whether the current position of the legs allows the end-effectors to reach the target position with sufficient balance. If necessary, the legs can be operated to move the robot along the surface so that the end-effectors can reach the target position.

II. EXAMPLE ROBOTIC SYSTEMS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example configuration of a robotic system that may be used in connection with the implementations described herein. The robotic system 100 may be configured to operate autonomously, semi-autonomously, and/or using directions provided by user(s). The robotic system 100 may be implemented in various forms, such as a biped robot, quadruped robot, or some other arrangement. Furthermore, the robotic system 100 may also be referred to as a robot, robotic device, or mobile robot, among other designations.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the robotic system 100 may include processor(s) 102, data storage 104, and controller(s) 108, which together may be part of a control system 118. The robotic system 100 may also include sensor(s) 112, power source(s) 114, mechanical components 110, and electrical components 116. Nonetheless, the robotic system 100 is shown for illustrative purposes, and may include more or fewer components. The various components of robotic system 100 may be connected in any manner, including wired or wireless connections. Further, in some examples, components of the robotic system 100 may be distributed among multiple physical entities rather than a single physical entity. Other example illustrations of robotic system 100 may exist as well.

Processor(s) 102 may operate as one or more general-purpose hardware processors or special purpose hardware processors (e.g., digital signal processors, application specific integrated circuits, etc.). The processor(s) 102 may be configured to execute computer-readable program instructions 106, and manipulate data 107, both of which are stored in the data storage 104. The processor(s) 102 may also directly or indirectly interact with other components of the robotic system 100, such as sensor(s) 112, power source(s) 114, mechanical components 110, and/or electrical components 116.

The data storage 104 may be one or more types of hardware memory. For example, the data storage 104 may include or take the form of one or more computer-readable storage media that can be read or accessed by processor(s) 102. The one or more computer-readable storage media can include volatile and/or non-volatile storage components, such as optical, magnetic, organic, or another type of memory or storage, which can be integrated in whole or in part with processor(s) 102. In some implementations, the data storage 104 can be a single physical device. In other implementations, the data storage 104 can be implemented using two or more physical devices, which may communicate with one another via wired or wireless communication. As noted previously, the data storage 104 may include the computer-readable program instructions 106 and the data 107. The data 107 may be any type of data, such as configuration data, sensor data, and/or diagnostic data, among other possibilities.

The controller 108 may include one or more electrical circuits, units of digital logic, computer chips, and/or microprocessors that are configured to (perhaps among other tasks), interface between any combination of the mechanical components 110, the sensor(s) 112, the power source(s) 114, the electrical components 116, the control system 118, and/or a user of the robotic system 100. In some implementations, the controller 108 may be a purpose-built embedded device for performing specific operations with one or more subsystems of the robotic device 100.

The control system 118 may monitor and physically change the operating conditions of the robotic system 100. In doing so, the control system 118 may serve as a link between portions of the robotic system 100, such as between mechanical components 110 and/or electrical components 116. In some instances, the control system 118 may serve as an interface between the robotic system 100 and another computing device. Further, the control system 118 may serve as an interface between the robotic system 100 and a user. The instance, the control system 118 may include various components for communicating with the robotic system 100, including a joystick, buttons, and/or ports, etc. The example interfaces and communications noted above may be implemented via a wired or wireless connection, or both. The control system 118 may perform other operations for the robotic system 100 as well.

During operation, the control system 118 may communicate with other systems of the robotic system 100 via wired or wireless connections, and may further be configured to communicate with one or more users of the robot. As one possible illustration, the control system 118 may receive an input (e.g., from a user or from another robot) indicating an instruction to perform a particular gait in a particular direction, and at a particular speed. A gait is a pattern of movement of the limbs of an animal, robot, or other mechanical structure.

Based on this input, the control system 118 may perform operations to cause the robotic device 100 to move according to the requested gait. As another illustration, a control system may receive an input indicating an instruction to move to a particular geographical location. In response, the control system 118 (perhaps with the assistance of other components or systems) may determine a direction, speed, and/or gait based on the environment through which the robotic system 100 is moving en route to the geographical location.

Operations of the control system 118 may be carried out by the processor(s) 102. Alternatively, these operations may be carried out by the controller 108, or a combination of the processor(s) 102 and the controller 108. In some implementations, the control system 118 may partially or wholly reside on a device other than the robotic system 100, and therefore may at least in part control the robotic system 100 remotely.

Mechanical components 110 represent hardware of the robotic system 100 that may enable the robotic system 100 to perform physical operations. As a few examples, the robotic system 100 may include physical members such as leg(s), arm(s), and/or wheel(s). The physical members or other parts of robotic system 100 may further include actuators arranged to move the physical members in relation to one another. The robotic system 100 may also include one or more structured bodies for housing the control system 118 and/or other components, and may further include other types of mechanical components. The particular mechanical components 110 used in a given robot may vary based on the design of the robot, and may also be based on the operations and/or tasks the robot may be configured to perform.

In some examples, the mechanical components 110 may include one or more removable components. The robotic system 100 may be configured to add and/or remove such removable components, which may involve assistance from a user and/or another robot. For example, the robotic system 100 may be configured with removable arms, hands, feet, and/or legs, so that these appendages can be replaced or changed as needed or desired. In some implementations, the robotic system 100 may include one or more removable and/or replaceable battery units or sensors. Other types of removable components may be included within some implementations.

The robotic system 100 may include sensor(s) 112 arranged to sense aspects of the robotic system 100. The sensor(s) 112 may include one or more force sensors, torque sensors, velocity sensors, acceleration sensors, position sensors, proximity sensors, motion sensors, location sensors, load sensors, temperature sensors, touch sensors, depth sensors, ultrasonic range sensors, infrared sensors, object sensors, and/or cameras, among other possibilities. Within some examples, the robotic system 100 may be configured to receive sensor data from sensors that are physically separated from the robot (e.g., sensors that are positioned on other robots or located within the environment in which the robot is operating).

The sensor(s) 112 may provide sensor data to the processor(s) 102 (perhaps by way of data 107) to allow for interaction of the robotic system 100 with its environment, as well as monitoring of the operation of the robotic system 100. The sensor data may be used in evaluation of various factors for activation, movement, and deactivation of mechanical components 110 and electrical components 116 by control system 118. For example, the sensor(s) 112 may capture data corresponding to the terrain of the environment or location of nearby objects, which may assist with environment recognition and navigation. In an example configuration, sensor(s) 112 may include RADAR (e.g., for long-range object detection, distance determination, and/or speed determination), LIDAR (e.g., for short-range object detection, distance determination, and/or speed determination), SONAR (e.g., for underwater object detection, distance determination, and/or speed determination), VICON® (e.g., for motion capture), one or more cameras (e.g., stereoscopic cameras for 3D vision), a global positioning system (GPS) transceiver, and/or other sensors for capturing information of the environment in which the robotic system 100 is operating. The sensor(s) 112 may monitor the environment in real time, and detect obstacles, elements of the terrain, weather conditions, temperature, and/or other aspects of the environment.

Further, the robotic system 100 may include sensor(s) 112 configured to receive information indicative of the state of the robotic system 100, including sensor(s) 112 that may monitor the state of the various components of the robotic system 100. The sensor(s) 112 may measure activity of systems of the robotic system 100 and receive information based on the operation of the various features of the robotic system 100, such the operation of extendable legs, arms, or other mechanical and/or electrical features of the robotic system 100. The data provided by the sensor(s) 112 may enable the control system 118 to determine errors in operation as well as monitor overall operation of components of the robotic system 100.

As an example, the robotic system 100 may use force sensors to measure load on various components of the robotic system 100. In some implementations, the robotic system 100 may include one or more force sensors on an arm or a leg to measure the load on the actuators that move one or more members of the arm or leg. As another example, the robotic system 100 may use one or more position sensors to sense the position of the actuators of the robotic system. For instance, such position sensors may sense states of extension, retraction, or rotation of the actuators on arms or legs.

As another example, the sensor(s) 112 may include one or more velocity and/or acceleration sensors. For instance, the sensor(s) 112 may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The IMU may sense velocity and acceleration in the world frame, with respect to the gravity vector. The velocity and acceleration sensed by the IMU may then be translated to that of the robotic system 100 based on the location of the IMU in the robotic system 100 and the kinematics of the robotic system 100.

The robotic system 100 may include other types of sensors not explicated discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the robotic system may use particular sensors for purposes not enumerated herein.

The robotic system 100 may also include one or more power source(s) 114 configured to supply power to various components of the robotic system 100. Among other possible power systems, the robotic system 100 may include a hydraulic system, electrical system, batteries, and/or other types of power systems. As an example illustration, the robotic system 100 may include one or more batteries configured to provide charge to components of the robotic system 100. Some of the mechanical components 110 and/or electrical components 116 may each connect to a different power source, may be powered by the same power source, or be powered by multiple power sources.

Any type of power source may be used to power the robotic system 100, such as electrical power or a gasoline engine. Additionally or alternatively, the robotic system 100 may include a hydraulic system configured to provide power to the mechanical components 110 using fluid power. Components of the robotic system 100 may operate based on hydraulic fluid being transmitted throughout the hydraulic system to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders, for example. The hydraulic system may transfer hydraulic power by way of pressurized hydraulic fluid through tubes, flexible hoses, or other links between components of the robotic system 100. The power source(s) 114 may charge using various types of charging, such as wired connections to an outside power source, wireless charging, combustion, or other examples.

The electrical components 116 may include various mechanisms capable of processing, transferring, and/or providing electrical charge or electric signals. Among possible examples, the electrical components 116 may include electrical wires, circuitry, and/or wireless communication transmitters and receivers to enable operations of the robotic system 100. The electrical components 116 may interwork with the mechanical components 110 to enable the robotic system 100 to perform various operations. The electrical components 116 may be configured to provide power from the power source(s) 114 to the various mechanical components 110, for example. Further, the robotic system 100 may include electric motors. Other examples of electrical components 116 may exist as well.

Although not shown in FIG. 1 , the robotic system 100 may include a body, which may connect to or house appendages and components of the robotic system. As such, the structure of the body may vary within examples and may further depend on particular operations that a given robot may have been designed to perform. For example, a robot developed to carry heavy loads may have a wide body that enables placement of the load. Similarly, a robot designed to reach high speeds may have a narrow, small body that does not have substantial weight. Further, the body and/or the other components may be developed using various types of materials, such as metals or plastics. Within other examples, a robot may have a body with a different structure or made of various types of materials.

The body and/or the other components may include or carry the sensor(s) 112. These sensors may be positioned in various locations on the robotic device 100, such as on the body and/or on one or more of the appendages, among other examples.

On its body, the robotic device 100 may carry a load, such as a type of cargo that is to be transported. The load may also represent external batteries or other types of power sources (e.g., solar panels) that the robotic device 100 may utilize. Carrying the load represents one example use for which the robotic device 100 may be configured, but the robotic device 100 may be configured to perform other operations as well.

As noted above, the robotic system 100 may include various types of legs, arms, wheels, and so on. In general, the robotic system 100 may be configured with zero or more legs. An implementation of the robotic system with zero legs may include wheels, treads, or some other form of locomotion. An implementation of the robotic system with two legs may be referred to as a biped, and an implementation with four legs may be referred as a quadruped. Implementations with six or eight legs are also possible. For purposes of illustration, biped and quadruped implementations of the robotic system 100 are described below.

FIG. 2 illustrates a quadruped robot 200, according to an example implementation. Among other possible features, the robot 200 may be configured to perform some of the operations described herein. The robot 200 includes a control system, and legs 204A, 204B, 204C, 204D connected to a body 208. Each leg may include a respective foot 206A, 206B, 206C, 206D that may contact a surface (e.g., a ground surface). Further, the robot 200 is illustrated with sensor(s) 210, and may be capable of carrying a load on the body 208. Within other examples, the robot 200 may include more or fewer components, and thus may include components not shown in FIG. 2 .

The robot 200 may be a physical representation of the robotic system 100 shown in FIG. 1 , or may be based on other configurations. Thus, the robot 200 may include one or more of mechanical components 110, sensor(s) 112, power source(s) 114, electrical components 116, and/or control system 118, among other possible components or systems.

The configuration, position, and/or structure of the legs 204A-204D may vary in example implementations. The legs 204A-204D enable the robot 200 to move relative to its environment, and may be configured to operate in multiple degrees of freedom to enable different techniques of travel. In particular, the legs 204A-204D may enable the robot 200 to travel at various speeds according to the mechanics set forth within different gaits. The robot 200 may use one or more gaits to travel within an environment, which may involve selecting a gait based on speed, terrain, the need to maneuver, and/or energy efficiency.

Further, different types of robots may use different gaits due to variations in design. Although some gaits may have specific names (e.g., walk, trot, run, bound, gallop, etc.), the distinctions between gaits may overlap. The gaits may be classified based on footfall patterns—the locations on a surface for the placement the feet 206A-206D. Similarly, gaits may also be classified based on ambulatory mechanics.

The body 208 of the robot 200 connects to the legs 204A-204D and may house various components of the robot 200. For example, the body 208 may include or carry sensor(s) 210. These sensors may be any of the sensors discussed in the context of sensor(s) 112, such as a camera, LIDAR, or an infrared sensor. Further, the locations of sensor(s) 210 are not limited to those illustrated in FIG. 2 . Thus, sensor(s) 210 may be positioned in various locations on the robot 200, such as on the body 208 and/or on one or more of the legs 204A-204D, among other examples.

FIG. 3 illustrates a biped robot 300 according to another example implementation. Similar to robot 200, the robot 300 may correspond to the robotic system 100 shown in FIG. 1 , and may be configured to perform some of the implementations described herein. Thus, like the robot 200, the robot 300 may include one or more of mechanical components 110, sensor(s) 112, power source(s) 114, electrical components 116, and/or control system 118.

For example, the robot 300 may include legs 304 and 306 connected to a body 308. Each leg may consist of one or more members connected by joints and configured to operate with various degrees of freedom with respect to one another. Each leg may also include a respective foot 310 and 312, which may contact a surface (e.g., the ground surface). Like the robot 200, the legs 304 and 306 may enable the robot 300 to travel at various speeds according to the mechanics set forth within gaits. The robot 300, however, may utilize different gaits from that of the robot 200, due at least in part to the differences between biped and quadruped capabilities.

The robot 300 may also include arms 318 and 320. These arms may facilitate object manipulation, load carrying, and/or balancing for the robot 300. Like legs 304 and 306, each arm may consist of one or more members connected by joints and configured to operate with various degrees of freedom with respect to one another. Each arm may also include a respective hand 322 and 324. The robot 300 may use hands 322 and 324 for gripping, turning, pulling, and/or pushing objects. The hands 322 and 324 may include various types of appendages or attachments, such as fingers, grippers, welding tools, cutting tools, and so on.

The robot 300 may also include sensor(s) 314, corresponding to sensor(s) 112, and configured to provide sensor data to its control system. In some cases, the locations of these sensors may be chosen in order to suggest an anthropomorphic structure of the robot 300. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 3 , the robot 300 may contain vision sensors (e.g., cameras, infrared sensors, object sensors, range sensors, etc.) within its head 316.

III. EXAMPLE ROBOT EMPLOYING DYNAMIC BALANCE FOR WHOLE BODY MANIPULATION

FIG. 4A illustrates an example biped robot 400 that includes a body 408 defined by a lower body section 408 a, an upper body section 408 b, and an intermediate body section 408 c. The lower body section 408 a and the upper body section 408 b are coupled to the intermediate body section 408 c. The lower body section 408 a includes two legs 404 and 406 that generally extend downward to a surface (e.g., ground surface) from the intermediate body section 408 c. Like the legs 304 and 306 of the robot 300, each leg 404, 406 may include one or more members connected by joints and configured to operate with various degrees of freedom with respect to one another. As shown in FIG. 4A, for instance, the leg 404 includes at least members 404 a 1-a 2 and joints 404 b 1-b 2, and the leg 406 includes at least members 406 a 1-a 2 and joints 406 b 1-b 2.

Each leg 404, 406 may also include a respective foot 410, 412 to establish direct contact with the surface. The legs 404, 406 can stably support the robot 400 on the surface. Additionally, the legs 404, 406 enable the robot 400 to move at various speeds according to the mechanics for different gaits. As shown in FIG. 4A, for instance, the legs 404, 406 are operable to move the robot 400 according to at least forward/backward translation along a y-axis and/or left/right lateral translation along a x-axis.

The upper body section 408 b includes end-effectors 422, 424 disposed on the ends of respective arms 418, 420. The arms 418, 420 may extend outwardly from the upper body section 408 b to position the respective end-effectors 422, 424. Like the arms 318, 320 of the robot 300, each arm 418, 420 may include one or more members connected by joints and configured to operate with various degrees of freedom with respect to one another. As shown in FIG. 4A, for instance, the arm 418 includes at least members 418 a 1-a 2 and joints 418 b 1-b 2, and the arm 420 includes at least members 420 a 1-a 2 and joints 420 b 1-b 2.

The end-effectors 422, 424 may be employed to perform a task by manipulating objects, acting on loads, etc. For instance, the robot 400 may use the end-effector 422, 424 for gripping, turning, carrying, pulling, and/or pushing objects. As shown, the end-effectors 422, 424 may be hand-like structures with movable fingers. Alternatively, the end-effectors 422, 424 may include other types of appendages or attachments, such as grippers, welding tools, cutting tools, and the like.

As shown in FIG. 4A, the intermediate body section 408 c acts as, or resembles, a pelvis for the bipedal configuration of the robot 400. The intermediate body section 408 c is supported by the lower body section 408 a below, and correspondingly, the intermediate body section 408 c supports the upper body section 408 b above. As described further below, the intermediate body section 408 c may be positioned and/or oriented to allow for desired positioning and operation of the legs 404, 406 and the end-effectors 422, 424.

The robot 400 may include aspects of the robotic system 100 described above. In particular, sensors similar to the sensors 112 may provide information regarding the position and movement of a component of the robot 400 relative to other components and/or the external environment. As shown in FIG. 4A, for instance, the robot 400 may include sensors 414 (e.g., cameras, infrared sensors, object sensors, range sensors, etc.) within a head 416.

Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5 , the robot 400 may include a control system 417 with a lower body control system 417 a, an upper body control system 417 b, and a master control system 417 c, each of which may include aspects of the control system 118 described above. The lower body control system 417 a can operate aspects of the lower body section 408 a. The upper body control system 417 b can operate aspects of the upper body section 408 b. The master controller 417 c can control other aspects of the robot 400. The master controller 417 c may also coordinate the actions of the lower body control system 417 a and the upper body control system 417 b.

Each of the control systems 417 a-c may receive sensor data from the sensors to operate respective aspects of the robot 400. Although the control systems 417 a-c are shown as separate elements in FIG. 5 , aspects of the control systems 417 a-c may be implemented with common hardware and/or software.

To achieve the desired positions for the feet 410, 412 and/or the desired forces with the legs 404, 406, the lower body control system 417 a may employ an inverse kinematics solver 419 a to determine the corresponding positions of the joints and the orientations of the members of the respective legs 404, 406. Meanwhile, to achieve desired positions for the end-effectors 422, 424, the upper body control system 417 a may employ an inverse kinematics solver 419 b to determine the corresponding positions of the joints and the orientations of the members of the respective arms 418, 420.

In general, inverse kinematics refers to the use of the kinematics equations of the robot 400 to determine the parameters for components, such as the joints of a leg 404, 406 or an arm 418, 420, to allow the respective foot 410, 412 or end-effector 422, 424 to reach a target position. A motion plan specifies the movement of the robot so that the foot 410, 412 or the end-effector 422, 424 can reach a target position. The inverse kinematics solver 419 a, 419 b transforms the motion plan into actuator trajectories for components (e.g., the joints) of the robot 400.

The lower body control system 417 a can operate the legs 404, 406 to balance the robot 400 dynamically on the surface, while the upper body control system 417 b operates the arms 418, 420 and the end-effectors 422, 424 to perform a task. As shown in FIG. 4A, when the foot 410 is in contact with the surface, the leg 404 experiences a reaction force F_(r1) in response to the force applied by the leg 404. Similarly, when the foot 412 is in contact with the surface, the leg 406 experiences a reaction force F_(r2) in response to the force applied by the leg 406. Each reaction force F_(r1), F_(r2) may include components along one or more of the x-, y-, and z-axes.

The lower body control system 417 a can dynamically control the legs 404, 406 so that the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) allow the robot 400 to maintain a balance that supports the operation of the arms 418, 420 and the end-effectors 422, 424. In response to any moments experienced by the robot 400, the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) may also produce opposing moments M_(r1), M_(r2), respectively, (not shown) to balance the robot 400. The dynamic balancing provided by the legs 404, 406 during operation of the end-effectors 422, 424 constitutes a whole body manipulation that more closely resembles actual motion by actual humans.

A. Example Balancing with the Lower Body

Referring to FIG. 4B, the robot 400 is supported on the surface solely by the leg 404. The weight of the robot 400, i.e., a gravitational force F_(gr), is applied via the foot 410 in the negative z-direction to the surface. The gravitational force F_(gr) effectively acts at the center of mass (COM) of the body 408 in the negative z-direction. A component of the reaction force F_(r1) is applied in the positive z-direction at the foot 410 with a magnitude equal to the gravitational force F_(gr). Thus, the gravitational force F_(gr) is balanced by the z-component of the reaction force F_(r1).

If, however, the center of mass of the robot 400 is not aligned with the foot 410 along the x-axis and/or y-axis, the gravitational force F_(gr) may produce a moment M_(gr) at the foot 410. The moment M_(gr) may include components about the x-axis and/or y-axis. The reaction force F_(r1) includes a frictional force between the foot 410 and the surface, where the frictional force acts on the foot 410 in the x- and/or y-directions. The frictional force provides a torque that opposes the moment M_(gr) produced by the gravitational force F_(gr). If the moment M_(gr) does not exceed the maximum torque that can be provided by the frictional force, the robot 400 can maintain a balance. On the other hand, if the moment M_(gr) exceeds the maximum torque, the foot 410 may slip and the moment M_(gr) may cause the robot 400 to lose balance.

With the foot 410 in a given position on the surface, the lower body control system 417 a can control the positions and orientations of the members 404 a 1-a 2 and joints 404 b 1-b 2 to control the effect of the reaction forces F_(r1) on the leg 404 and to achieve a balance the body 408. For instance, if the lower body control system 417 a determines that the robot 400 as shown in FIG. 4B cannot maintain balance due to the moment M_(gr), the lower body control system 417 a can control the members 404 a 1-a 2 and the joints 404 b 1-b 2 of the leg 404 to reposition the center of mass of the robot 400 into closer alignment with the foot 410 along the x-axis and/or y-axis. This can reduce the moment M_(gr) and allow the frictional force from the reaction force F_(r1) to balance the robot 400 as described above.

As shown in FIG. 4B, when the lower body control system 417 a repositions the center of mass, the intermediate body section 408 c may correspondingly move in the x- and y-directions from a position (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)) to a new position (x_(i)′. y_(i)′, z_(i)). Although the center of mass in FIG. 4B may appear to coincide with the intermediate body section 408 c, it is understood that the center of mass may be located at other positions relative to the robot 400.

Although not shown in FIG. 4B, the leg 406 may be manipulated in a manner similar to the leg 404. In general, with the feet 410, 412 in given positions on the surface, the lower body control system 417 a can reposition and/or reorient the members and joints of the legs 404, 406 to control how the reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2) affect the body 408. Specifically, the lower body control system 417 a can control the legs so that the reaction forces F_(g1) and F_(g2) balance the body 408.

Indeed, both feet 410, 412 can simultaneously contact the surface and the legs 404, 406 may experience reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2). The gravitational force F_(gr) can be balanced by the sum of the z-components of the reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2). In addition, the lower body control system 417 a may control the members and joints of both legs 404, 406 to change the position of the center of mass and allow opposing moments M_(r1), M_(r2) from the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) (e.g., frictional forces) to balance the moment M_(gr) from the gravitational force F_(gr).

B. Dynamic Balancing with the Lower Body to Support Operation of End-Effectors

As described above, the upper body control system 417 b can operate each end-effector 422, 424 to perform a respective task. To perform different tasks, the upper body control system 417 b can move the end-effectors 422, 424 with the arms 418, 420 to different positions in order to reach and move objects, act on loads, etc.

As shown in FIG. 4A, for instance, the end effector 424 is initially positioned at coordinates (x_(e2), y_(e2), z_(e2)). In FIG. 4C, the upper body control system 417 b repositions the end effector 424 to (x_(e2)′, y_(e2)′, z_(e2)′) to perform a task. To reposition, the upper body control system 417 b operates the members 420 a 1-a 2 and joints 420 b 1-b 2 of the arm 420 to extend the end-effector 424 to the target position (x_(e2)′, y_(e2)′, z_(e2)′).

Depending on the mass associated with the arms 418, 420, the position of the center of mass of the robot 400 may change when the arms 418, 420 and corresponding end-effectors 422, 424 are repositioned. The change in the position of the center of mass changes the effect of the gravitational force F_(gr) on the body 408. In particular, the moment M_(gr) produced by the gravitational force F_(gr) also changes. To maintain the balance of the robot 400, the members and joints of the legs 404, 406 may need to be repositioned and/or reoriented to achieve reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) that balance the new moment M_(g).

When performing a task, each end-effector 422, 424 may also experience a respective external end-effector force F_(e1), F_(e2), as shown in FIG. 4A. For instance, if each end-effector 422, 424 is tasked with carrying a respective object, the respective end-effector force F_(e1), Fee may include the weight of the respective object acting in the negative z-direction. In another instance, if the end-effectors 422, 424 are tasked with pushing a large object along the surface, the end-effector forces F_(e1) and F_(e2) may include the opposing frictional forces between the large object and the surface. Although both end-effector forces F_(e1) and F_(e2) are shown in FIG. 4A, the end-effectors 410, 412 do not necessarily experience the end-effector forces F_(e1) and F_(e2) simultaneously.

The robot 400 may thus experience the external forces F_(e1) and F_(e2) in addition to the gravitational force F_(gr). In addition, the robot 400 may experience moments M_(e1), M_(e2) produced by the end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2), respectively. As such, the lower body control system 417 a can also account for the effects of the external end-effector forces F_(e1) and F_(e2) as well as the gravitational force F_(gr) to balance the robot 400 on the surface. In particular, the lower body control system 417 a can control the members and joints of the legs 404, 406 to allow the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) to balance the sum of the forces F_(e1), F_(e2), F_(gr) as well as the sum of moments produced by forces F_(e1), F_(e2), F_(gr).

For instance, if each end-effector 422, 424 is carrying an object, the end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2) include the weight of each object acting in the negative z-direction. In addition to the gravitational force F_(gr), the legs 404, 406 apply the weight of each object to the surface via the feet 410, 412. The reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) correspondingly apply a force in the positive z-direction to balance the forces applied by the legs 404, 406.

Moreover, in addition to the moment M_(gr) produced by the gravitational force F_(gr), the forces F_(e1), F_(e2) also produce moments M_(e1), M_(e2). The reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) correspondingly produce moments M_(r1), M_(r2) that oppose the moments M_(e1), M_(e2). The lower body control system 417 a can operate the members and joints of the legs 404, 406 so that moments M_(r1), M_(r2) can balance the moments M_(e1), M_(e2). For instance, the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) may include frictional forces that act in the positive y-direction and provide a torque to oppose the moments M_(e1), M_(e2).

To allow the lower body control system 417 a to account for the forces and moments produced by the positioning and manipulation of the end-effectors 422, 424, the upper control system 417 b may communicate information to the lower body control system 417 a relating to the position of the end-effectors 422, 424 as well as the end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2) and moments M_(e1), M_(e2). The upper body control system 417 b, for instance, may receive signals from force and torque sensors to determine the end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2) and moments M_(e1), M_(e2).

The upper body control system 417 b may control the end-effectors 422, 424 to perform any number and sequence of tasks. As such, the arms 418, 420 and the end-effectors 422, 424 may be in constant motion and may experience varying end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2). Advantageously, the lower body control system 417 a can dynamically balance the body 408 to support the actions of the upper body section 408 b. The lower body control system 417 a can simultaneously operate the legs 404, 406 as described above to provide continuous balance for continuous activity by the upper body section 408 b. The upper body control system 417 b does not rely on the lower body control system 417 a to establish a static balance before operating the end-effectors 422, 424 to perform each task.

Because the lower body control system 417 a controls the lower body section 408 a, the upper body control system 417 b can control the upper body section 408 b by representing and processing the lower body section 408 a as a virtual link connected via the intermediate body section 408 c. With the virtual link, the implementation of the control system 417 is simplified because control of the lower body section 408 a and the upper body 408 b are divided between the lower body control system 417 a and the upper body control system 417 b, respectively. The upper body control system 417 b can generally assume that the lower body control system 417 a will dynamically provide the balance to support the upper body section 408 b as the upper body control system 417 b can focus on performing tasks with the end-effectors 422, 424.

In addition to operating the arms 418, 420, the upper body control system 417 b can position and/or orient the intermediate body section 408 c relative to the lower body section 408 b to position and operate the end-effectors 422, 424. The intermediate body section 408 c can be positioned and/or oriented according to any one or more of the six degrees of freedom: (1) forward/backward translation along the y-axis; (2) left/right lateral translation along the x-axis; (3) up/down translation along the z-axis; (4) pitch rotation about the x-axis; (5) roll rotation about the y-axis; and (6) yaw rotation about the z-axis. For instance, to reach an object to the left of the robot 400, the upper body control system 417 b may cause the intermediate body section 408 c to rotate about the z-axis (i.e., yaw rotation).

As described in an example above, the lower body control system 417 a may reposition the center of mass of the robot 400 along the x-axis and/or the y-axis to balance the body 408. This may also involve movement by the intermediate body section 408 c along the x-axis (left/right lateral translation) and/or the y-axis (forward/backward translation). Thus, to balance the body 408 with the lower body section 408 a, the lower body control system 417 a may need to control one or more degrees of freedom of the intermediate body section 408 c.

As a result, the upper body control system 417 b may be constrained from moving the intermediate body section 408 c according to degrees of freedom that may affect the ability of the lower body section 408 a to balance dynamically. The constraints free the lower body control system 417 a to balance dynamically. Such constraints allow the upper body control system 117 b to represent or consider the lower body section 408 a as the virtual link connected via the intermediate body section 408 c.

For instance, if the lower body control system 417 a needs to control the position of the intermediate body section 408 c along the x-axis (left/right lateral translation) and/or the y-axis (forward/backward translation), the upper body control system 417 b may be constrained from those degrees of freedom. The inverse kinematics solver 419 b for the upper body control system 417 b may treat these two degrees of freedom as constraints when determining the positioning of the end-effectors 422, 424. As a result, the upper body control system 417 b controls the position of the intermediate body section 408 c according to any of the remaining four degrees of freedom, i.e., up/down translation along the z-axis, pitch rotation about the x-axis, roll rotation about the y-axis, and yaw rotation about the z-axis.

The end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2) generate a resulting linear force F_(i) and/or moment M_(i) on the intermediate body section 408 c. FIG. 4D illustrates an exploded view of the robot 400 with the linear force F_(i) and moment M_(i) applied to the intermediate body section 408 c. Using force and torque sensors, for instance, the upper body control system 417 b can determine the linear force F_(i) and moment M_(i) and communicate this information to the lower body control system 417 a. As such, the lower body control system 417 a can operate the legs 404, 406 so that the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) can balance the linear force F_(i) and/or moment M_(i) at the intermediate body section 408 c.

As shown in FIG. 5 , the upper body control system 417 b communicates the linear force F_(i) and the moment M_(i) to the lower body control system 417 a. In addition, the lower body control system 417 a controls the intermediate body section 408 c according a set DoF_(A) of one or more degrees of freedom. Meanwhile, the upper body control system 417 b controls the intermediate body section 408 c according a different set DoF_(B) of one or more degrees of freedom which do not include those of DoF_(A).

Furthermore, the lower body control system 417 a can dynamically balance the linear force F_(i) and/or the moment M_(i) as they change with the operation of the upper body section 408 b. The upper body control system 417 b enables this dynamic balancing by communicating the changes to the linear force F_(i) and the moment M_(i).

Accordingly, FIG. 6 illustrates an example process 500 for manipulating the lower body section 408 a to support activities performed by the upper body 408 b. In step 502, the upper body control system 417 b operates at least one of the end-effectors 422, 424. The at least one end-effector 422, 424 experiences an end-effector force F_(e1), F_(e2) based on the operation by the upper body control system 417 b. The intermediate body section 408 c experiences at least one of a first intermediate body linear force F_(i) or a first intermediate body moment M_(i) based on the end-effector force F_(e1), F_(e2). In step 504, the upper body control system 417 b communicates, to the lower body control system, information relating to the first intermediate body linear force Land the first intermediate body moment M_(i).

In step 506, the lower body control system 417 a operates one or more legs 404, 406 in response to the operation of at least one movable end-effector 422, 424. The one or more legs 404, 406 experience respective reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) from the surface based on the operation by the lower body control system 417 a. The intermediate body section 408 c experiences at least one of a second intermediate body linear force or a second intermediate body moment based on the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2). Operation of the one or more legs 404, 406 by the lower body control system 417 a determines the second intermediate body linear force and/or the second intermediate body moment. The second intermediate body linear force counteracts the first intermediate linear force F_(i) the intermediate body section 408 c resulting from the end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2). The second intermediate body moment counteracts the first intermediate body moment M_(i) on the intermediate body section 408 c resulting from the end-effector forces F_(e1), F_(e2).

The process 500 may also include step 506 a where the lower body control system 417 a positions the intermediate body section 408 c according to a first set of degrees of freedom based on the operation of the one or more legs 404, 406. Correspondingly, the process 500 may additionally include step 502 a where the upper body control system 417 b positions the intermediate body section 408 c in response to the operation of the at least one movable end-effector 422, 424. This positioning of the intermediate body section 408 c by the upper body control system 417 b involves movement according to a second set of degrees of freedom. The upper body control system 417 b is constrained from positioning the intermediate body section according to the first set of degrees of freedom.

Although the upper body control system 417 b may communicate directly with the lower body control system 417 a, the master controller 417 c may also help coordinate the interaction between the lower body control system 417 a and the upper body control system 417 b. For instance, the upper body control system 417 b may plan to move one of the end-effectors 422, 424 to a desired position. The master controller 417 c can determine whether balance can be maintained by the current position of the feet 410, 412 if the upper body control system 417 b attempts to move the end-effector 422, 424 to the desired position. If balance cannot be maintained, the master controller 417 c can signal the lower body control system 417 a to move the feet 410, 412 to new positions that allow the end-effector 422, 424 to be positioned more stably at the target positions. Alternatively, the lower body control system 417 a may determine whether the robot 400 should be moved to the new position.

In addition to controlling the members and joints of the legs 404, 406 to achieve balance with the feet 410, 412 in given positions, the lower body control system 417 a may also reposition the feet 410, 412 on the surface to change the reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2). Repositioning the feet 410, 412 can also change the moments that the gravitational force F_(gr) produces at the feet 410, 412. The resulting reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2) may produce more effective balance for the robot 400.

As described above, the upper body control system 417 b can control the upper body section 408 b by representing and processing the lower body section 408 a as a virtual link connected via the intermediate body section 408 c. Advantageously, the virtual link allows positioning and movement (velocity) of the end-effectors 422, 424 to be compensated for motions of the lower body section 408 a (also known as station keeping). For instance, if the upper body control system 417 b commands an end-effector 422, 424 to move at some velocity relative to some stationary object in the world, such movement should account for motions of the lower body section 408 a even though the the upper body control system 417 b does not have direct control of the lower body section 408 a (which is primarily dealing with balance and locomotion). In this case, the lower body control system 417 a can estimate the virtual link velocity and pass the velocity to the upper body control system 417 b, which can then adjust the inverse kinematics solver 419 b accordingly. The inverse kinematics solver 419 b may use the velocity of the virtual link to determine a motion plan for the upper body section 408 b that achieves desired velocities for the end-effectors 422, 424 in a static world frame.

Although the examples described herein may achieve dynamic balancing in response to end-effector forces that are detected by force/torque sensors, dynamic balancing may also be achieved in other implementations based on calculations of expected or desired end-effector forces. In such implementations, the lower body control system 417 a advantageously compensates for the expected or desired end-effector forces preemptively before any balance or positioning errors occur.

Furthermore, although the examples described herein may achieve dynamic balancing in response to loads supported by the end-effectors, dynamic balancing can also be achieved in other implementations when other loads are additionally or alternatively experienced by the upper body section. For instance, upper body section may experience dynamic forces, such as forces required to accelerate an arm, an end-effector, or a payload, during high-speed motions. Such dynamic forces also generate a resulting linear force and/or moment on the intermediate body section, which the lower body control can also balance with the reaction forces.

C. Balancing the Lower Body to Support Operation of End-Effectors During Movement by the Robot

The lower body control system 417 a can additionally control the reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2) to move the robot 400 according to a desired gait. For instance, rather than solely controlling the leg 404 to balance the robot 400 as shown in FIG. 4B, the lower body control system 417 a can also operate the leg 406 to plant the foot 412 on the surface. The resulting reaction force F_(r2) can produce an opposing moment M_(r2) to balance the moment M_(gr) produced by the gravitational force F_(gr). As such, planting the foot 412 on the surface to balance the moment M_(gr) may constitute a step in a gait.

Once the foot 412 is planted and the robot 400 is balanced, the lower body control system 417 a can operate the legs 404, 406 to reposition the center of mass and produce another moment M_(gr) with the gravitational force F_(gr). The moment M_(gr) causes the body 408 to fall forward, but the lower body control system 417 a can operate the leg 404 to swing the foot 410 forward and plant the foot 410 on the surface. The resulting reaction force F_(r1) on the foot 410 produces another opposing moment M_(r1) that balances the moment M_(gr). As such, planting the foot 410 on the surface constitutes a second step. Alternately repeating the steps by the feet 410, 412 results in a gait. As described, the lower body control system 417 a can establish a state of balance with each alternating step, before causing the body 408 to fall forward again for the next step.

The reaction forces F_(r1) and F_(r2) are not limited to balancing the effect of the gravitational force F_(gr). When each foot 410, 412 contacts the surface, the lower body control system 417 a may operate the respective leg 404, 406 to apply additional forces to the surface. For instance, the legs 410, 412 may apply forces in the negative y-direction. In response to this force, a y-component of the respective reaction force F_(r1), F_(r2) acts on the feet 410, 412 in the positive y-direction. This y-component results from the friction between the feet 410, 412 and the surface. Accordingly, the ground reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) apply forces which can help push the body 408 forward in the positive-y direction. Thus, the application of forces in the negative y-direction may constitute pushes off the surface to achieve a faster gait.

Additionally or alternatively, the legs 410, 412 may apply forces to the surface in the positive or negative x-direction. In response to this force, a x-component of the respective ground reaction force F_(r1), F_(r2) acts on the feet 410, 412 in the opposing x-direction. This x-component results from the friction between the feet 410, 412 and the surface. Accordingly, the reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) apply forces which can help push the body 408 laterally in the positive and/or negative x-direction.

The lower body control system 417 a can dynamically balance the body 408 to allow the end-effectors 422, 424 to be positioned and operated while the robot 400 is moving according to a gait. Indeed, the robot 400 can walk or run along a ground surface, and due to the dynamic balancing, the robot 400 can simultaneously operate the arm 418 to position the end-effector 422, e.g., to grab an object, without interrupting the gait. To produce a balance for desired operation of the end-effectors 422, 422 at a given time during the gait, the lower body control system 417 a can account for the additional forces applied/experienced by the legs 404, 406 as the robot 400 moves according to the gait. To achieve the desired reaction forces F_(r1), F_(r2) for balancing and moving the body 408, the lower body control system 417 a may employ inverse kinematics to determine corresponding velocities for positioning and orienting the members and joints of the legs 404, 406. Furthermore, the lower body control system 417 a can dynamically adjust the positioning/repositioning of the feet 410, 412 to maintain the gait during the balancing process described above.

IV. CONCLUSION

In view of the foregoing, a robot can operate its legs to dynamically balance itself on a surface while operating its end-effectors. When the legs contact a surface (e.g., ground surface), the legs apply forces to the surface and experience reaction forces from the surface. The robot can dynamically control the legs so that the reaction forces allow the robot to maintain a balance that supports the operation of the end-effectors.

Although example implementations may include a biped robot, other configurations may include a lower body that provides dynamic balancing while an upper body performs tasks with one or more end-effectors. In addition, although the examples above may describe balancing the forces F_(e1), Fee and moments M_(e1), M_(e2) associated with the end-effectors 422, 424, it is understood that a robot may experience forces and moments from loads at other components of the robot. For instance, robot may include a receptacle for carrying cargo. The robot can achieve dynamic balancing by similarly accounting for these other loads.

The above detailed description describes various features and functions of the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context indicates otherwise. The illustrative implementations described in the detailed description, figures, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other implementations can be utilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from the scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.

With respect to any or all of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, and flow charts in the figures and as discussed herein, each step, block and/or communication may represent a processing of information and/or a transmission of information in accordance with example implementations. Alternative implementations are included within the scope of these example implementations. In these alternative implementations, for example, functions described as steps, blocks, transmissions, communications, requests, responses, and/or messages may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including in substantially concurrent or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer steps, blocks and/or functions may be used with any of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, and flow charts discussed herein, and these message flow diagrams, scenarios, and flow charts may be combined with one another, in part or in whole.

A step or block that represents a processing of information may correspond to circuitry that can be configured to perform the specific logical functions of a herein-described method or technique. Alternatively or additionally, a step or block that represents a processing of information may correspond to a module, a segment, or a portion of program code (including related data). The program code may include one or more instructions executable by a processor for implementing specific logical functions or actions in the method or technique. The program code and/or related data may be stored on any type of computer-readable medium, such as a storage device, including a disk drive, a hard drive, or other storage media.

A computer-readable medium may include non-transitory computer-readable media such as computer-readable media that stores data for short periods of time like register memory, processor cache, and/or random access memory (RAM). The computer-readable media may also include non-transitory computer-readable media that stores program code and/or data for longer periods of time, such as secondary or persistent long term storage, like read only memory (ROM), optical or magnetic disks, and/or compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. The computer-readable media may also be any other volatile or non-volatile storage systems. A computer-readable medium may be considered a computer-readable storage medium, for example, or a tangible storage device.

Moreover, a step or block that represents one or more information transmissions may correspond to information transmissions between software and/or hardware modules in the same physical device. However, other information transmissions may be between software modules and/or hardware modules in different physical devices.

While various aspects and implementations have been disclosed herein, other aspects and implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and implementations disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope being indicated by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A robot system comprising: a body comprising: an upper body section comprising a movable end-effector; a lower body section comprising a leg configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section; and a control system implemented with a processor, the control system comprising: an upper body control system configured to operate the movable end-effector, the movable end-effector experiencing a first force based on operation of the movable end-effector, and the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a second force or a first moment based on the first force; and a lower body control system configured to: receive, from the upper body control system, information associated with the at least one of the second force or the first moment; operate the leg based on the operation of the movable end-effector, the leg experiencing a third force from the surface based on operation of the leg, and the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a fourth force or a second moment based on the third force; and balance at least one of the fourth force to the second force or the second moment to the first moment to balance the body.
 2. The robot system of claim 1, wherein the upper body control system is further configured to identify the lower body section as a virtual link coupled to the intermediate body section.
 3. The robot system of claim 1, wherein: the lower body control system is further configured to position the intermediate body section according to one or more first degrees of freedom based on the operation of the leg; the upper body control system is further configured to position the intermediate body section according to one or more second degrees of freedom based on the operation of the movable end-effector; and the upper body control system is constrained from positioning the intermediate body section according to the one or more first degrees of freedom.
 4. The robot system according to claim 3, wherein: positioning the intermediate body section according to the one or more first degrees of freedom causes translation of the intermediate body section along a first axis and a second axis; and positioning the intermediate body section according to the one or more second degrees of freedom causes rotation of the intermediate body section about at least three axes and causes translation of the intermediate body section along a third axis.
 5. The robot system according to claim 1, wherein: the lower body section comprises two legs, and each leg includes a respective foot configured to contact the surface directly; for a given position of each foot, the lower body control system is configured to determine whether the lower body control system can balance a respective fourth force to the second force or the second body moment to the first moment; and in response to determining that the lower body control system cannot balance the respective fourth force to the second force or the second moment to the first moment, the lower body control system is configured to reposition at least one of the feet on the surface.
 6. The robot system according to claim 5, wherein the lower body control system is further configured to adjust the repositioning of the at least one of the feet according to a gait.
 7. The robot system of claim 1, wherein the lower body control system is further configured to operate the leg in response to the operation of the movable end-effector while the leg is moving according to a gait.
 8. A robot system comprising: a body comprising: an upper body section comprising a movable end-effector; a lower body section comprising a leg configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section; and a control system implemented with a processor, the control system comprising: an upper body control system configured to operate the upper body section, the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a first force or a first moment based on operation of the upper body section; and a lower body control system configured to operate the lower body section based on the operation of the upper body section, the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a second force or a second moment based on operation of the lower body section, wherein the lower body control system is configured to balance at least one of the second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, and wherein the upper body control system is constrained from using a same one or more degrees of freedom to position the intermediate body section that the lower body control system uses to position the intermediate body section.
 9. The robot system of claim 8, wherein the upper body control system is further configured to communicate, to the lower body control system, information relating to the first force and the first moment.
 10. The robot system of claim 8, wherein the upper body control system is further configured to identify the lower body section as a virtual link coupled to the intermediate body section.
 11. The robot system according to claim 8, wherein: the lower body control system is configured to position the intermediate body section according to one or more first degrees of freedom to cause translation of the intermediate body section along a first axis and a second axis; and the upper body control system is configured to position the intermediate body section according to one or more second set of degrees of freedom to cause rotation of the intermediate body section about at least three axes and cause translation of the intermediate body section along a third axis.
 12. The robot system according to claim 8, wherein: the lower body section comprises two legs, and each leg includes a respective foot configured to contact the surface directly; for a given position of each foot, the lower body control system is configured to determine whether the lower body control system can balance a respective second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment; and in response to determining that the lower body control system cannot balance a respective second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, the lower body control system is configured to reposition at least one of the feet on the surface.
 13. A robot system comprising: a body comprising: an upper body section comprising a movable end-effector; a lower body section comprising a leg configured to contact a surface, wherein the lower body section comprises two legs, and each leg includes a respective foot configured to contact the surface directly; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section; and a control system implemented with a processor, the control system comprising: an upper body control system configured to operate the upper body section, the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a first force or a first moment based on operation of the upper body section; and a lower body control system configured to operate the lower body section in response to the operation of the upper body section, the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a second force or a second moment based on operation of the lower body section, wherein the lower body control system is configured to balance at least one of the second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment wherein to balance at least one of the second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, the lower body control system is configured to: for a given position of each foot, determine whether the lower body control system can balance a respective second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, and in response to determining that the lower body control system cannot balance a respective second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, the lower body control system is configured to reposition at least one of the feet on the surface according to a gait, and wherein the upper body control system is constrained from using a same one or more degrees of freedom to position the intermediate body section that the lower body control system uses to position the intermediate body section.
 14. A robot system comprising: a body comprising: an upper body section comprising a movable end-effector; a lower body section comprising a leg configured to contact a surface; and an intermediate body section coupling the upper body section and the lower body section; and a control system implemented with a processor, the control system comprising: an upper body control system configured to operate the upper body section, the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a first force or a first moment based on operation of the upper body section; and a lower body control system configured to operate the lower body section in response to the operation of the upper body section while the leg is moving according to a gait, the intermediate body section experiencing at least one of a second force or a second moment based on operation of the lower body section, wherein the lower body control system is configured to balance at least one of the second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, and wherein the upper body control system is constrained from using a same one or more degrees of freedom to position the intermediate body section that the lower body control system uses to position the intermediate body section.
 15. A method for controlling a robot system, the method comprising: operating, by an upper body control system of the robot system, a moveable end-effector of an upper body section of the robot system to cause the moveable end-effector to experience a first force and an intermediate body section of the robot system to experience at least one of a second force or a first moment based on the first force, the intermediate body section coupling the upper body section to a lower body section of the robot system, the lower body section comprising a leg configured to contact a surface; communicating, from the upper body control system to a lower body control system of the robot system, information associated with the at least one of the second force or the first moment; based on operating the moveable end-effector, operating, by the lower body control system, the leg to cause the leg to experience a third force from the surface and the intermediate body section to experience at least one of a fourth force or a second moment based on the third force; and balancing at least one of the fourth force to the second force or the second moment to the first moment to balance the body.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising identifying, by the upper body control system, the lower body section as a virtual link coupled to the intermediate body section.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: positioning, by the lower body control system, the intermediate body section according to one or more first degrees of freedom based on the operation of the leg; and positioning, by the upper body control system, the intermediate body section according to one or more second degrees of freedom based on operation of the moveable end-effector, the upper body control system constrained from using the one or more first degrees of freedom to position the intermediate body section.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein: positioning the intermediate body section according to the one or more first degrees of freedom to cause translation of the intermediate body section along a first axis and a second axis; and positioning the intermediate body section according to the one or more second degrees of freedom to cause rotation of the intermediate body section about at least three axes and to cause translation of the intermediate body section along a third axis.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the lower body section comprises two legs and each leg includes a corresponding foot configured to contact the surface directly, and the method further comprises: for a given position of each foot, determining, by the lower body control system, whether the lower body control system can balance a respective second force to the first force or the second moment to the first body moment; and in response to determining that the lower body control system cannot balance a respective second force to the first force or the second moment to the first moment, repositioning, by the lower body control system, at least one of the feet on the surface.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising adjusting, by the lower body control system, the repositioning of the at least one of the feet on the surface according to a gait.
 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising moving the leg according to a gait, wherein operating the occurs during the gait.
 22. A method for controlling a robot system, the method comprising: operating, by an upper body control system of the robot system, an upper body section of the robot system to cause an intermediate body section of the robot system to experience at least one of a first intermediate body linear force or a first intermediate body moment based on the operation of the upper body section, the upper body section comprising a movable end-effector and the intermediate body section coupling the upper body section to a lower body section of the robot system, the lower body section comprising a leg configured to contact a surface; in response to operating the upper body section, operating, by a lower body control system of the robot system, the lower body section to cause the leg to experience a respective reaction force from the surface and the intermediate body section to experience at least one of a second intermediate body linear force or a second intermediate body moment based on the respective reaction force, the operation of the lower body section balancing the second intermediate body linear force and the first intermediate body linear force and balancing the second intermediate body moment and the first intermediate body moment; and positioning, by the upper body control system, the intermediate body section using a first set of degrees of freedom, wherein the lower body control system is constrained from using the first set of degrees of freedom to position the intermediate body section.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising abstracting, with the upper body control system, the lower body section as a virtual link coupled to the intermediate body section.
 24. The method of claim 22, further comprising positioning, by the lower body control system, the intermediate body section using second set of degrees of freedom based on the operation of the lower body section.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein: positioning the intermediate body section using the second set of degrees of freedom translates the intermediate body section along a first axis and a second axis; and positioning the intermediate body section using the first set of degrees of freedom rotates the intermediate body section about three axes and translates the intermediate body section along a third axis.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the lower body section comprises two legs and each leg includes a corresponding foot configured to contact the surface directly, and the method further comprises: for a given position of each foot, determining, by the lower body control system, whether the second intermediate body linear force can balance the first intermediate body linear force and the second intermediate body moment can balance the first intermediate body moment; and in response to determining that the second intermediate body linear force cannot balance the first intermediate body linear force or the second intermediate body moment cannot balance the first intermediate body moment, repositioning, by the lower body control system, at least one of the feet on the surface.
 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising adjusting, by the lower body control system, the repositioning of the at least one of the feet on the surface according to a gait.
 28. The method of claim 22, further comprising moving the leg according to a gait, wherein operating the lower body section in response to the operation of the upper body section occurs during the gait. 